Soleymani S, Ayati MH, Mansourzadeh MJ, Namazi N, Zargaran A. Pharmacol Toxicol 2000;86:250-6. Call 911 or seek help right away if you experience severe side effects from taking milk thistle. People prone to calcium oxalate kidney stones are advised to avoid high-dose calcium supplements and to stay well-hydrated (as inadequate fluid intake can increase the risk of kidney stones). View abstract. J.Clin.Virol. In some cases it may be useful in treating these cancers, but studies have yet to fully demonstrate the safety and efficacy of milk thistle use. Milk thistle extracts inhibit the oxidation of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) and subsequent scavenger receptor-dependent monocyte adhesion. Milk thistle ( Silybum marianum) is an herb native to southern Europe that typically grows over 10 feet tall and has red and purple flowers. Our website is not intended to be a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis, or treatment. 2021;14(11):1445-53. Malekshah RE, Khaleghian A. In vivo assessment of botanical supplementation on human cytochrome P450 phenotypes: Citrus aurantium, Echinacea purpurea, milk thistle, and saw palmetto. Boari, C., Montanari, F. M., Galletti, G. P., Rizzoli, D., Baldi, E., Caudarella, R., and Gennari, P. [Toxic occupational liver diseases. Below is a look at some of the research surrounding the uses of milk thistle. Nat.Prod.Commun. While milk thistle has been traditionally used in pregnant and breastfeeding women, its safety is unknown. Tiwari, P., Kumar, A., Balakrishnan, S., Kushwaha, H. S., and Mishra, K. P. Silibinin-induced apoptosis in MCF7 and T47D human breast carcinoma cells involves caspase-8 activation and mitochondrial pathway. View abstract. It is also unknown whether milk thistle is safe for children. It is made up of six distinct flavonoids, including silibinin, isosilibinin, silicristin and silidianin. Diabetes medications. There is not enough scientific data to say whether or not milk thistle can help liver problems. $31.49 Make It a Routine. Pares A, Planas R, Torres M, et al. View abstract. Effect of silymarin (milk thistle) on liver disease in patients with chronic hepatitis C unsuccessfully treated with interferon therapy: a randomized controlled trial. However, one area of milk thistle research focuses on how it affects bone marrow, which contributes to overall bone health but also has implications in treating diseases like multiple myeloma, a type of blood cancer. Some medications that are changed by the liver include amitriptyline (Elavil), diazepam (Valium), zileuton (Zyflo), celecoxib (Celebrex), diclofenac (Voltaren), fluvastatin (Lescol), glipizide (Glucotrol), ibuprofen (Advil, Motrin), irbesartan (Avapro), losartan (Cozaar), phenytoin (Dilantin), piroxicam (Feldene), tamoxifen (Nolvadex), tolbutamide (Tolinase), torsemide (Demadex), warfarin (Coumadin), and others. Med Klin. pii: E343. Silymarin may help reduce the risk for cancer development (including breast cancer) by boosting the immune system, fighting DNA damage and reversing cancerous tumor growth. 2003;86(2):179-88. 2005 - 2023 WebMD LLC. 2015;22(2):290-6. doi:10.1016/j.phymed.2014.12.010. Effect of silymarin supplement on the pharmacokinetics of rosuvastatin. El-Shitany NA, Hegazy S, El-Desoky K. Evidences for antiosteoporotic and selective estrogen receptor modulator activity of silymarin compared with ethinylestradiol in ovariectomized rats. Milk thistle might decrease how quickly the liver breaks down some medications. Free Radic Biol Med 2012;52(9):1658-65. Any use of this site constitutes your agreement to the Terms and Conditions and Privacy Policy linked below. Nassuato, G., Iemmolo, R. M., Strazzabosco, M., Lirussi, F., Deana, R., Francesconi, M. A., Muraca, M., Passera, D., Fragasso, A., Orlando, R., and . 2005;100(11):2583-91. doi:10.1111/j.1572-0241.2005.00262.x. Milk thistle is a plant named for the white veins on its large prickly leaves. Milk thistle. 1994;32(11):614-617. View abstract. This herb contains active compounds called silymarin and silybin that the "Physicians' Desk Reference for Herbal Medicines" describes as hepatoprotective, meaning they protect the liver by blocking toxin-binding receptor sites in the cells of the organ's outer membrane 2.A review published in the "World Journal of Gastroenterology" in May 2011 finds that both silymarin . Milk thistle has been historically used for a variety of liver diseases, including: Milk thistle seed is a great source of the antioxidant flavonoid called silymarin, which is actually composed of several other active compounds known as flavolignans. View abstract. View abstract. Mushroom poisoning. View abstract. This might increase the effects and side effects of raloxifene. Milk Thistle. Bioimpedance analysis, metabolic effects and safety of the association Berberis aristata/Bilybum marianum: a 52-week double-blind, placebo-controlled study in obese patients with type 2 diabetes. Milk offers certain essential nutrients, but the same nutrients can be found in fruits and vegetables. New Treatments That May Change the Game, The Latest Research on Advanced Prostate Cancer. Many supplements are standardized to contain a specific concentration of silymarin (usually between 70 and 80 percent). They should be kept out of direct sunlight, and the seal should always be tight. Biol Pharm Bull 1994;17:443-5. One of the active ingredients in milk thistle called silymarin is extracted from the plant's seeds. View abstract. View abstract. Botanicals and Their Bioactive Phytochemicals for Women's Health. 2011;9(1):1-6. Milk thistle: Effects on liver disease and cirrhosis and clinical adverse effects. Influence of Legalon(TM) 140 on the metabolism of collagen in patients with chronic liver disease--Review by measurement of PIIINP-values. It also plays a role in digestion, metabolism, hormone regulation, protein production, the immune system and as a storage system for a number of essential nutrients, vitamins, and minerals. Swelling (inflammation) of the liver caused by the hepatitis B virus (hepatitis B). However, other research shows no benefit. J Oncol Pharm Pract 2021. IBM Micromedex. View abstract. Ebrahimpour koujan S, Gargari BP, Mobasseri M, Valizadeh H, Asghari-jafarabadi M. Effects of Silybum marianum (L.) Gaertn. The following doses have been studied in scientific research: Smart Grocery Shopping When You Have Diabetes, Surprising Things You Didn't Know About Dogs and Cats, Bird Flu Deaths Prompt U.S. to Test Vaccine in Poultry, COVID Treatment in Development Appears Promising, Marriage May Help Keep Your Blood Sugar in Check, Getting Outdoors Might Help You Take Fewer Meds, New Book: Take Control of Your Heart Disease Risk, Getting Help for a Loved One With Psychosis: It's Complicated, Health News and Information, Delivered to Your Inbox, Diabetes. other information we have about you. Rev.Neurol. Zeitschrift fur Allgemeinmedizin 1998;74:577-584. Milk thistle ( Silybum marianum) is a medicinal plant that belongs to a large family of flowering plants (Asteraceae). Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2004;20:1279-87. View abstract. Skin toxicity caused by radiation. View abstract. Am.J.Kidney Dis. Since free radicals are largely responsible for age-related problems like wrinkles, dark spots, and discoloration on the skin, milk thistle has the power to reduce visible signs of aging. Schrieber, S. J., Wen, Z., Vourvahis, M., Smith, P. C., Fried, M. W., Kashuba, A. D., and Hawke, R. L. The pharmacokinetics of silymarin is altered in patients with hepatitis C virus and nonalcoholic Fatty liver disease and correlates with plasma caspase-3/7 activity. According to the National Institute of Health, theres some compelling research that shows that taking silymarin, the main chemical found in milk thistle, along with conventional treatments, can help control symptoms of type 2 diabetes by promoting better blood sugar control. View abstract. View abstract. View abstract. The research on milk thistle's use in cancer patients is promising, although more research is needed to determine its benefits. All rights reserved. Her work is regularly featured in media such as First For Women, Woman's World, and Natural Health. BMC.Gastroenterol. Epub 2014 Aug 27. Jamalian M, Mahmodiyeh B, Saveiee S, Solhi H. Investigating the impact of silymarin on liver oxidative injury. Am J Gastroenterol 1998;93:139-43. East Mediterr.Health J. View abstract. Elsevier; 2021. https://www.clinicalkey.com. Short term treatment of type II hyperlipoproteinaemia with silymarin. It may have protective effects on the liver, preventing damage. Sridar C, Goosen TC, Kent UM, et al. Huang C, Huang R, Chang W, Jiang T, Huang K, Cao J, Sun X, Qiu Z. Fried MW, Navarro VJ, Afdhal N, et al. Silymarin administration during pregnancy and breastfeeding: evaluation of initial development and adult behavior of mice. Effect of Silymarin Administration on Cisplatin Nephrotoxicity: Report from A Pilot, Randomized, Double-Blinded, Placebo-Controlled Clinical Trial. Drug Metab Dispos. In one such study, a 45-day course of silymarin, the active component of milk thistle, increased antioxidant capacity and reduced generalized inflammation in adults with type 2 diabetes compared with a placebo. It has also been observed to cause lipid peroxidation and induce vasodilation. Other benefits include promoting healthy digestive function, increasing bile production, decreasing inflammation and soothing the mucous membranes throughout the body. A combination of historic use and contemporary research indicates milk thistle is generally well tolerated. Common side effects of milk thistle may include: indigestion, bloating, gas, stomach pain; diarrhea; or. Era of Hope Meeting for the Department of Defense Breast Cancer Research Program, Atlanta, June 8-11, 2000. Hepatology 2000;32(5):897-900. If youre pregnant or breastfeeding, check with your doctor before using milk thistle. Comparison of Silybum marianum (L.) Gaertn. Zhongguo Zhong.Xi.Yi.Jie.He.Za Zhi. Kuo YJ, Chang HP, Chang YJ, Wu HH, Chen CH. Can we consider silymarin as a treatment option for vitiligo? Its also often used to increase breast milk production, with one study showing that certain extracts in milk thistle could increase daily milk production by up to 86 percent. Derosa G, D'Angelo A, Romano D, Maffioli P. Effects of a combination of Berberis aristata, Silybum marianum and monacolin on lipid profile in subjects at low cardiovascular risk; A double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial. Milk Thistle Constituents Inhibit Raloxifene Intestinal Glucuronidation: A Potential Clinically Relevant Natural Product-Drug Interaction. Z Gastroenterol 2001;39(7):511-7. Research studies show that silymarin has several different beneficial effects for liver health. According to researchers, these findings suggest that silymarin may improve diabetes symptoms like oxidative stress and inflammation. Int J STD AIDS. An analysis of silybin meglumine tablets in the treatment of drug-induced liver injury as assessed for causality with the updated Roussel Uclaf Causality Assessment Method using a nationwide database. "Mayo," "Mayo Clinic," "MayoClinic.org," "Mayo Clinic Healthy Living," and the triple-shield Mayo Clinic logo are trademarks of Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research. Adverse Drug Reactions Advisory Committee. Huseini HF, Larijani B, Heshmat R, et al. View abstract. Drug Metab Dispos 2004;32:587-94. Rev Diabet Stud. This copyrighted material is provided by Natural Medicines Comprehensive Database Consumer Version. Vailati A, Aristia L, Sozze E, and et al. Youre Not Alone, Pesticide in Produce: See the Latest Dirty Dozen, Having A-Fib Might Raise Odds for Dementia, New Book: Take Control of Your Heart Disease Risk, MINOCA: The Heart Attack You Didnt See Coming, Health News and Information, Delivered to Your Inbox. Early research shows that taking milk thistle extract starting on the first day of radiation and continuing for 6 weeks thereafter decreases the severity of ulcers in the mouth and gut caused by radiation. Early research shows that taking milk thistle extract by mouth for up to one year, or taking a product containing the milk thistle constituent silybin plus phosphatidylcholine by mouth for 1 week, improves liver function tests. Despite the scarcity of properly devised scientific research on milk thistle, it has been used for well over 2,000 years to treat liver and gallbladder problems. Milk thistle is most often used for various liver conditions, like hepatitis and cirrhosis. Int J Clin Pharmacol Ther Toxicol 1993;31:456-60. J Diabetes Res. Salmi HA, Sarna S. Effect of silymarin on chemical, functional, and morphological alterations of the liver. Milk thistle can trigger allergic reactions. It has 149 calories, 24 milligrams of cholesterol, and 4.5 grams of saturated fat in an 8-ounce serving. The liver plays a key role in maintaining health and protecting the body from the effects of toxins and other damaging substances. Therapeutic effects of silymarin]. Phytomedicine. 2014;11(2):167-74. doi:10.1900/RDS.2014.11.167, Rambaldi A, Jacobs BP, Gluud C. Milk thistle for alcoholic and/or hepatitis B or C virus liver diseases. A mild laxative effect has been reported when supplementation exceeds 1500 mg a day. Clin Cancer Res 2005;11:7800-6. 1. Yang Z, Zhuang L, Lu Y, Xu Q, Chen X. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2007;845(1):95-103. Marena C and Lampertico M. Preliminary clinical development of silipide: a new complex of silybin in toxic liver disorders. Ebrahimpour, K.; Gargari, B.; Mobasseri, M. et al. Effects and tolerance of silymarin (milk thistle) in chronic hepatitis C virus infection patients: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Eur J Drug Metab Pharmacokinet. A pilot study on the liver protective effect of silybin-phosphatidylcholine complex (IdB1016) in chronic active hepatitis. As a liver support andliveraid, milk thistle acts as a powerful liver cleanser by rebuilding liver cells, reducing liver damage and removing toxins from the body that are processed through the liver. Am J Med 10-15-2002;113(6):506-515. One source suggests daily doses of 12 to 15 g of dry fruits for dyspepsia and disorders of the biliary system, while an extract containing 200 to 400 mg/day of silymarin is considered effective in various liver disorders. Barzaghi, N., Crema, F., Gatti, G., Pifferi, G., and Perucca, E. Pharmacokinetic studies on IdB 1016, a silybin- phosphatidylcholine complex, in healthy human subjects. BMC Complement Altern Med. View abstract. 2018;9:1903. doi:10.3389/fimmu.2018.01903. Taking milk thistle by mouth helps the liver to function in people who have been exposed to the chemicals toluene or xylene. Inhibitory effects of silibinin on cytochrome P-450 enzymes in human liver microsomes. Soleimani V, Delghandi PS, Moallem SA, Karimi G. Safety and toxicity of silymarin, the major constituent of milk thistle extract: An updated review. Milk thistle may interact with a number of prescription and over-the-counter medications. Silybin suppresses cell proliferation and induces apoptosis of multiple myeloma cells via the PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling pathway, Effects and tolerance of silymarin (milk thistle) in chronic hepatitis C virus infection patients: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials, The Natural agonist of estrogen receptor silibinin plays an immunosuppressive role representing a potential therapeutic tool in rheumatoid arthritis, Safety and toxicity of silymarin, the major constituent of milk thistle extract: An updated review, Silybin and the liver: from basic research to clinical practice, Effect of curcumin supplementation on disease severity in patients with liver cirrhosis: a randomized controlled trial, Effects of vitamin E on chronic hepatitis C genotype 3: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study, Resveratrol for the management of diabetes and its downstream pathologies. Ferenci P, Dragosics B, Dittrich H, et al. Kim CS, Choi SJ, Park CY, et al. Never delay or disregard seeking professional medical advice from your doctor or other qualified health care provider because of something you have read on WebMD. Studies have shown a decrease in blood sugar levels and an improvement in cholesterol in people with type 2 diabetes. Milk thistle for the treatment of liver disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis. A., Reiberger, T., Rutter, K., Beinhardt, S., Staettermayer, A. F., Peck-Radosavljevic, M., and Ferenci, P. Successful HCV eradication and inhibition of HIV replication by intravenous silibinin in an HIV-HCV coinfected patient. View abstract. New York, NY: DK Publ, Inc., 2000. Store milk thistle supplements in a cool, dry place. 2009;23(3):359-365. Milk thistle may interact with some medications, including allergy medicines, anti-anxiety drugs and blood thinners, among others. In another study, mothers taking 600-milligram capsules of fenugreek seeds three times daily for a month had an increase in breast milk production of 20%although that wasn't a . View abstract. A double-blind comparative study in 116 patients]. Moosavifar, N., Mohammadpour, A. H., Jallali, M., Karimiz, G., and Saberi, H. Evaluation of effect of silymarin on granulosa cell apoptosis and follicular development in patients undergoing in vitro fertilization. Rev Med Chil 1992;120:1370-5. View abstract. 1982;17:51721. Derosa G, Romano D, D'Angelo A, Maffioli P. Berberis aristata/Silybum marianum fixed combination (Berberol()) effects on lipid profile in dyslipidemic patients intolerant to statins at high dosages: a randomized, placebo-controlled, clinical trial. 2016 Oct;68(4):1026-1073. doi:10.1124/pr.115.010843. Calcium supplements might reduce the risk of preeclampsia in some pregnant women who consume too little calcium. Rev Diabet Stud. I. Biliary and renal elimination after a single oral dose]. 2020. Eksp.Klin Farmakol. View abstract. Ramellini, G. and Meldolesi, J. Liver protection by silymarin: in vitro effect on dissociated rat hepatocytes. Efficacy and safety of topical silymarin versus low fluence 1064-nm Q switched Nd:YAG laser in the treatment of melasma: a comparative randomized trial. Currently, there are several different milk thistle tablets, capsules and soft gels available on the market, all of which recommend different doses. Zhu W, Zhang JS, Young CY. The expression and clinical significance of pSTAT3, VEGF and VEGF-C in pancreatic adenocarcinoma. 2021 Oct 7;21(1):253. But milk thistle does not seem to affect how quickly the body breaks down indinavir. Biochem.Pharmacol 6-15-1985;34(12):2209-2212. A study from 2012 confirmed that milk thistle might not have true beneficial effects on hepatitis C. In the study, patients who took silymarin, an active component of milk thistle, daily for 24 weeks had no significant improvements in liver enzymes or other measures compared to those who took the placebo. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD003620.pub3. Chin J Integr Med. The information in our articles is NOT intended to replace a one-on-one relationship with a qualified health care professional and is not intended as medical advice. Brinda, B. J., Zhu, H. J., and Markowitz, J. S. A sensitive LC-MS/MS assay for the simultaneous analysis of the major active components of silymarin in human plasma. Its active ingredient is silymarin, which is said to have antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. Salmi, H. and Sarna, S. Effect of silymarin on chemical, functional, and morphological alterations of the liver. DiCenzo R, Shelton M, Jordan K, et al. Yakoot, M. and Salem, A. Spirulina platensis versus silymarin in the treatment of chronic hepatitis C virus infection. A friend advised me that i may have inadequate liver function hence the livers inability to adequately process purines in my blood. Some of these medications changed by the liver include acetaminophen (Tylenol, others) and oxazepam (Serax), haloperidol (Haldol), lamotrigine (Lamictal), morphine (MS Contin, Roxanol), zidovudine (AZT, Retrovir), and others. https://www.wolterskluwercdi.com/facts-comparisons-online/. Bethesda (MD): National Library of Medicine (US); February 20, 2022. Accessed Oct. 30, 2020. Lowers Blood Sugar Level. 2016;5147468. doi:10.1155/2016/5147468. Accessed Oct. 30, 2020. Have direct benefits against prostate, breast, and certain cervical cancer cells. In: Okoliczanyi L, Csomos G, Crepaldi G, and et al. Reutter, F. W. and Haase, W. [Clinical experience with silymarin in the treatment of chronic liver disease(author's transl)]. View abstract. Saberi Z, Gorji N, Memariani Z, Moeini R, Shirafkan H, Amiri M. Evaluation of the effect of Silybum marianum extract on menopausal symptoms: A randomized, double-blind placebo-controlled trial. Milk thistle might affect levels of morphine in the blood. Silymarin has been observed to induce apoptosis (cell death) in some cancer cells, as well as increase immune response and reduce metastasis (spread of tumor cells). Before taking milk thistle, talk to your healthcare provider if you are taking sirolimus. However, while there are many different potential benefits, it is most well-known for being a natural liver supporter and is sometimes used to help treat liver diseases such as cirrhosis, jaundice and hepatitis, as well as gallbladder problems. Br J Cancer 1996;74(12):2036-2041. View abstract. Because the liver and other digestive organs, like thegallbladder, pancreas, intestines and kidneys, work closely togethertoimprove liver health, milk thistle is also able to help prevent gallstones and kidney stones. Zhang, J. Q., Mao, X. M., and Zhou, Y. P. [Effects of silybin on red blood cell sorbitol and nerve conduction velocity in diabetic patients]. The most common side effects arent serious and include gastrointestinal upset, such as a mild laxative effect. Mayo Clinic is a nonprofit organization and proceeds from Web advertising help support our mission. Elyasi S, Shojaee FSR, Allahyari A, Karimi G. Topical Silymarin Administration for Prevention of Capecitabine-Induced Hand-Foot Syndrome: A Randomized, Double-Blinded, Placebo-Controlled Clinical Trial. (silymarin) extract supplementation on antioxidant status and hs-CRP in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: a randomized, triple-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial. Budzinski JW, Trudeau VL, Drouin CE, et al. Phytother Res 2022;36(10):3924-3931. View abstract. View abstract. J Dermatolog Treat. The liver is involved in removing waste products and toxins from our blood. This might increase the effects and side effects of tamoxifen. Yogurt. A collection of flavonolignans called silymarin is considered the biologically active component of milk thistle. The liver helps break down these medications. Milk thistle might affect how quickly the liver breaks down some medications. Melzer J, Rosch W, Reichling J, et al. are clickable links to these studies. It can be consumed in tea, tincture, extract, pill or powder form, making it easy to incorporate into your daily diet. You should always speak with your doctor or health care professional before you start, stop, or change any prescribed part of your health care plan or treatment and to determine what course of therapy is right for you. Gastroparesis: What to Eat and What to Avoid, Newly Diagnosed With Crohn's? View abstract. Wattanakrai P, Nimmannitya K. A Randomized, Double-Blind, Split-Face Study of Topical Silymarin vs 2% Hydroquinone Cream in Melasmas. Pregnant and nursing women should exercise caution if taking milk thistle. 2012; 7(4): e34630. Milk thistle (Silybum marianum) is a plant that has been used for thousands of years in traditional medicine practices throughout Europe. However, it is hard to obtain silibinin in the US. Certain people should take precautions when using milk thistle, and others may need to avoid it altogether. View abstract. World J Gastroenterol. Build-up of fat in the liver in people who drink little or no alcohol (nonalcoholic fatty liver disease or NAFLD). View abstract. Coadministration of milk thistle and indinavir in healthy subjects. In some studies, silibinin, an active component of milk thistle, has been shown to have estrogen-like effects. Kassenarzt 1990;33:36-41. Asghar, Z. and Masood, Z. By lowering LDL "bad" cholesterol levels, milk thistle may lower the chance of developing heart disease. Free radical scavenging and antioxidative properties of 'silibin' complexes on microsomal lipid peroxidation. Hawke, R. L., Schrieber, S. J., Soule, T. A., Wen, Z., Smith, P. C., Reddy, K. R., Wahed, A. S., Belle, S. H., Afdhal, N. H., Navarro, V. J., Berman, J., Liu, Q. Y., Doo, E., and Fried, M. W. Silymarin ascending multiple oral dosing phase I study in noncirrhotic patients with chronic hepatitis C. J.Clin.Pharmacol. Silymarin in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials.

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