Antony had lost the support of many Romans and supporters of Caesar when he opposed the motion to elevate Caesar to divine status. Render Unto Caesar is a main quest in Fallout: New Vegas . [note 4] Octavian's chief responsibility was distributing land to tens of thousands of Caesar's veterans who had fought for the Triumvirate. In 42 BC, the Roman East was composed of several directly controlled provinces and client kingdoms. As for the lost Anticato, a reply to Ciceros eulogy of Caesars dead opponent Marcus Porcius Cato, it is a testimony to Caesars political insight that he made the time to write it, in spite of the overwhelming military, administrative, and legislative demands on him. A more notorious, though not quite so hazardous, affair was his liaison with Cleopatra. In this play . [54], When Antony offered Caesar the crown, there had been minor applause but mostly silence from the crowd. Antony also agreed to accept the appointment of his rival Dolabella as his consular colleague to replace Caesar. ), then a person in the first century could genuinely be said to "take the mark of the beast" by participating in the economy at the expense of their faith in Jesus. In Hasmonean Judea, the exiled prince Antigonus allied himself with the Parthians. Most of Libo's fleet managed to escape, but several of his ships were trapped and captured. Octavian, now close to absolute power, invaded Egypt in August, 30 BC, assisted by Agrippa. Wintering in Antioch during 37, Antony's combined RomanEgyptian army numbered some 200,000, including sixteen legions (approximately 160,000 soldiers) plus an additional 40,000 auxiliaries. The Roman Empire lived on after Nero's death. Octavian's base of power was his link with Caesar through adoption, which granted him much-needed popularity and loyalty of the legions. The Beast was Emperor Nero. [89] When the senate refused, Octavian marched on Rome with his eight legions and assumed control of the city in August 43 BC. [127][128] Despite Rome's internal turmoil during the time, the Parthians did not immediately benefit from the power vacuum in the East due to Orodes II's reluctance despite Labienus' urgings to the contrary.[129]. [66] In particular, the offices assigned to both Brutus and Cassius by Caesar were likewise ratified. For instance, in the winter of 5756 bce he found time to visit his third province, Illyria, as well as Cisalpine Gaul; and in the interval between his campaigns of 55 and 54 bce he transacted public business in Cisalpine Gaul and went to Illyria to settle accounts with the Pirustae, a turbulent tribe in what is now Albania. Friends, Romans, Countrymen. Caesar would later remark the civil war would have ended that day if only Pompey had attacked him. The proscribed were named on public lists, stripped of citizenship, and outlawed. [25], Meanwhile, the alliance among Caesar, Pompey and Crassus had effectively ended. Learn exactly what happened in this chapter, scene, or section of Julius Caesar and what it means. According to some ancient authors, Antony led a carefree life of luxury in Alexandria. After Caesar's assassination in 44 BC, Antony joined forces with Marcus Aemilius Lepidus, another of Caesar's generals, and Octavian, Caesar's great-nephew and adopted son, forming a three-man dictatorship known to historians as the Second Triumvirate. When he found out that Cleopatra was still alive, his friends brought him to Cleopatra's monument in which she was hiding, and he died in her arms. If he had not done this when he did it, Rome and the Greco-Roman world might have succumbed, before the beginning of the Christian era, to barbarian invaders in the West and to the Parthian Empire in the East. Antony, however, managed to trick Libo into pursuing some decoy ships, causing Libo's squadron to be trapped and attacked. Despite the ambush, Antony continued the campaign. There, Canidius forced the Iberian King Pharnavaz II into an alliance against Zober, king of neighboring Albania, subduing the kingdom and reducing it to a Roman protectorate. Yet, even if Caesar should prove to be of lesser stature than this Chinese colossus, he would still remain a giant by comparison with the common run of human beings (see also ancient Rome). It is a medallion necklace with a bull symbol and the words "Legio Caesaris", Latin for Caesar's Legion. He received the largest distribution, governing all of the Eastern provinces while retaining Gaul in the West. The festival was held in honor of Lupa, the she-wolf who suckled the infant orphans Romulus and Remus, the founders of Rome. Huzar, Eleanor G. "Mark Antony: Marriages vs. Surrounded by Cleopatra and her children, Antony ended his alliance with Octavian. 0013BF5B.Disable. Only when Antony arrived with his fleet was the blockade broken. Antony was assigned Rome's eastern provinces, including the client kingdom of Egypt, then ruled by Cleopatra VII Philopator, and was given the command in Rome's war against Parthia. The rise of the Parthian Empire in the 3rd century BC and Rome's expansion into the Eastern Mediterranean during the 2nd century BC brought the two powers into direct contact, causing centuries of tumultuous and strained relations. With this military purpose on his mind, Antony sailed to Greece with Octavia, where he behaved in a most extravagant manner, assuming the attributes of the Greek god Dionysus in 39 BC. Through his daughters by Octavia, he was the paternal great grandfather of Roman emperor Caligula, the maternal grandfather of emperor Claudius, and both maternal great-great-grandfather and paternal great-great uncle of the emperor Nero of the Julio-Claudian dynasty. [73] This earned him the support of Caesarian sympathizers who hoped to use him as a means of eliminating Antony. This new conflict proved untenable for both Octavian and Antony, however. Later, Caesar sought to exercise his prerogatives as Dictator and directly proclaim Dolabella as consul instead. [110] Lucius and Fulvia, supported by their army, marched on Rome and promised the people an end to the Triumvirate in favor of Antony's sole rule. Calpurnia, Caesar's widow, presented him with Caesar's personal papers and custody of his extensive property, clearly marking him as Caesar's heir and leader of the Caesarian faction. Caesar's political rivals feared these reforms were his attempts at transforming the Republic into an open monarchy. For the mark of the beast to be equated with Nero, the title Nero Caesar must be used. Additionally, Cleopatra left Rome to return to Egypt. Marcus Antonius, commonly known as Mark Antony, is one of the most complex and controversial characters in the history of the Roman Republic. Upon his arrival in Ephesus in Asia, Antony was worshiped as the god Dionysus born anew. While Caesar campaigned in North Africa, Antony remained in Rome as a mere private citizen. Artavasdes II offered Crassus the aid of nearly forty thousand troops to assist his Parthian expedition on the condition that Crassus invade through Armenia as the safer route. Hyrcanus II, the Roman-supported Hasmonean High Priest of Judea, fled Jerusalem to Gabinius to seek protection against his rival and son-in-law Alexander. The young Cleopatra became Caesar's mistress and bore him a son, Caesarion. [136] One such rebel was King Antiochus of Commagene, whom he besieged in Samosata. Treasury of Scripture. Mark Antony gave him an honourable burial. Sextus refused. Marcus Antonius (14January 83 BC 1 August 30 BC), commonly known in English as Mark Antony[1], was a Roman politician and general who played a critical role in the transformation of the Roman Republic from a constitutional republic into the autocratic Roman Empire. Ventidius, in order to gain time, leaked disinformation to Pacorus implying that he should cross the Euphrates River at their usual ford. [106][107] Upon learning the Parthian Empire had invaded Rome's territory in early 40 BC, Antony left Egypt for Syria to confront the invasion. Portia. The Dictator Lucius Cornelius Sulla had taken similar action to purge Rome of his opponents in 82 BC. Serving under Caesar, Antony demonstrated excellent military leadership. To supplement his own armies, Antony instead looked to Rome's principal vassal in the East: his lover Cleopatra. In late 42 he and Cassius met Mark Antony and Octavian (later the emperor Augustus) in two battles at Philippi. To seal the Treaty, Antony's elder son Marcus Antonius Antyllus, then only 6 years old, was betrothed to Octavian's only daughter Julia, then only an infant. Octavian's friend and admiral Quintus Salvidienus Rufus thwarted an attack by Sextus against the southern Italian mainland at Rhegium, but Salvidienus was then defeated in the resulting naval battle because of the inexperience of his crews. After Herod offered him a large financial gift, Antony confirmed the brothers in their positions. Their centurions, who had become important figures politically, refused to fight due to their shared service under Caesar. 2 - Meet with Caesar. Within moments, the group of five conspirators stabbed Caesar one by one. Ruled by King Artavasdes II of Armenia, Armenia had been an ally of Rome since the defeat of Tigranes the Great by Pompey the Great in 66 BC during the Third Mithridatic War. Antony, however, realized Octavian had no intention of sending him the additional legions he had promised under the Treaty of Tarentum. Antony, as the sole consul, soon took the initiative and seized the state treasury. Antony then seized the blood-stained toga from Caesar's body and presented it to the crowd. [citation needed] The size of his army indicated Antony's intention to conquer Parthia, or at least receive its submission by capturing the Parthian capital of Ecbatana. This was done against the orders of the senate but with the approval of Pompey, then Rome's leading politician, and only after the deposed king provided a 10,000 talent bribe. Latest on DT Mark Caesar including news, stats, videos, highlights and more on NFL.com Tens of . In return, Caesar was assigned the governorship of Illyricum, Cisalpine Gaul, and Transalpine Gaul for five years beginning in 58 BC. [4][6][7] The elder Antony's death left Antony and his brothers, Lucius and Gaius, in the care of their mother, Julia, who later married Publius Cornelius Lentulus Sura, an eminent member of the old Patrician nobility. By William Shakespeare (from Julius Caesar, spoken by Marc Antony) Friends, Romans, countrymen, lend me your ears; I come to bury Caesar, not to praise him. A group of senators resolved to kill Caesar to prevent him from establishing a monarchy. It does so by erasing any negative Legion reputation the player may have earned before receiving the Mark. Meanwhile, Antony, with the rank of propraetordespite never having served as praetorwas installed as governor of Italy and commander of the army, stationed there while Marcus Aemilius Lepidus, one of Caesar's staff officers, ran the provisional administration of Rome itself. [102] He demanded heavy taxes from the Hellenic cities in return for his pro-Greek culture policies, but exempted those cities which had remained loyal to Caesar during the civil war and compensated those cities which had suffered under Caesar's assassins, including Rhodes, Lycia, and Tarsus. " Friends, Romans, countrymen, lend me your ears " is the first line of a speech by Mark Antony in the play Julius Caesar, by William Shakespeare. With the war over, Antony was sent back to Rome to act as Caesar's protector against Pompey and the other Optimates. [38] The resulting battle was a decisive victory for Caesar. Roman historian Cassius Dio later recorded that while Antony, as consul, maintained the advantage in the relationship, the general affection of the Roman people was shifting to Octavian due to his status as Caesar's son.[75][76]. Antony reunited with Caesar at Narbo in 45 BC with full reconciliation coming in 44 BC when Antony was elected consul alongside Caesar. There are many names and titles that could be chosen to identify Nero, but this is the combination that must be utilized. In 95 BC, Tigranes the Great, a Parthian ally, became king. Though they believed Caesar's death would restore the Republic, Caesar had been immensely popular with the Roman middle and lower classes, who became enraged upon learning a small group of aristocrats had killed their champion. Fulvia had previously been married to both Publius Clodius Pulcher and Gaius Scribonius Curio, having been a widow since Curio's death in the battle of the Bagradas in 49 BC. A summary of Act II, scene i in William Shakespeare's Julius Caesar. They jointly governed Italy. As for Cleopatra, she was proclaimed Queen of Kings and Queen of Egypt, to rule with Caesarion (Ptolemy XV Caesar, son of Cleopatra by Julius Caesar), King of Kings and King of Egypt. Antony had first met a young Cleopatra while campaigning in Egypt in 55 BC and again in 48 BC when Caesar had backed her as queen of Egypt over the claims of her half-sister Arsinoe. Pompey himself fled to Ptolemaic Egypt, but Pharaoh Ptolemy XIII Theos Philopator feared retribution from Caesar and had Pompey assassinated upon his arrival. He then met a Parthian army at the border between Cilicia and Syria, defeating it and killing a large portion of the Parthian soldiers at the Amanus Pass. if you. And they said to him, Caesar's. . In all, two-fifths of his original army (some 80,000 men) had died during his failed campaign. Caesars political achievement was limited. The Mark of Caesar is a quest item in Fallout: New Vegas. [32][33] Though Antony was well liked by his soldiers, most other citizens despised him for his lack of interest in the hardships they faced from the civil war.[34]. During the Greek campaign, Plutarch records that Antony was Caesar's top general, and second only to him in reputation. In all these, Caesar was a supreme virtuoso. However, following Marcus Licinius Crassus's defeat at the Battle of Carrhae in 53 BC, Armenia was forced into an alliance with Parthia due to Rome's weakened position in the East. [125], In early 44 BC, Julius Caesar announced his intentions to invade Parthia and restore Roman power in the East. [47] Seeing the expediency of removing Dolabella from Rome, Caesar ultimately pardoned him for his role in the riots and took him as one of his generals in his campaigns against the remaining Optimates resistance. However, when Octavian returned to the city with his army, the pair were forced to retreat to Perusia in Etruria. Within the code for Fallout 4 it will exists. The conspirators, who styled themselves the Liberatores ("The Liberators"), had barricaded themselves on the Capitoline Hill for their own safety. Several times Antony was summoned to Rome, but remained in Alexandria with Cleopatra.[147]. First Century A.D. " We have always suspected that the mark of the beast was the Caesar's minted coins as the whole " Render unto Caesar " bit was actually about giving . When Antony died, Octavian became uncontested ruler of Rome. [84][85], With Antony defeated, the senate, hoping to eliminate Octavian and the remainder of the Caesarian party, assigned command of the Republic's legions to Decimus. Despite this marriage, Antony carried on a love affair with Cleopatra, who bore him three children, further straining Antony's relations with Octavian. Open Document. Years earlier in 63 BC, the Roman general Pompey had captured him and his father, King Aristobulus II, during his war against the remnant of the Seleucid Empire. Caesar's influence secured greater political advancement for Antony. At Alexandria, probably aged 53, he saved himself from sudden death by his prowess as a swimmer. Octavian had Caesarion and Antyllus killed, but he spared Iullus as well as Antony's children by Cleopatra, who were paraded through the streets of Rome. 40 - White Glove Society 70 - Destroy Brotherhood of Steel [65] On 17 March, at Antony's arrangement, the senate met to discuss a compromise, which, due to the presence of Caesar's veterans in the city, was quickly reached. This agreement, known as the Treaty of Brundisium, reinforced the Triumvirate and allowed Antony to begin preparing for Caesar's long-awaited campaign against the Parthian Empire. In 57 BC, Antony joined the military staff of Aulus Gabinius, the Proconsul of Syria, as chief of the cavalry. Cicero's son, Cicero Minor, announced Antony's death to the senate. Mark Antony and Cleopatra The Roman politician and general Mark Antony (83-30 B.C. Antony, however, objected to the assignment, preferring to govern Cisalpine Gaul which had been assigned to Decimus Junius Brutus Albinus, one of Caesar's assassins. After Pompey's defeat, most of the senate defected to Caesar, including many of the soldiers who had fought under Pompey. These actions worked to renew Sextus' blockade of Italy, preventing Octavian from sending the promised troops to Antony for the Parthian campaign. And I will write on him My new name. Of these, his speeches, letters, and pamphlets are lost. [35][37] With Libo gone, Antony joined Caesar in Greece by March 48 BC. [31] During the southern march, Caesar placed Antony as his second in command. ZA Blog If Vulpes is dead: For ancient Romans living before that event, however, an ides was merely one of several common calendar terms used to mark monthly lunar events. He distributed kingdoms among his children: Alexander Helios was named king of Armenia, Media and Parthia (territories which were not for the most part under the control of Rome), his twin Cleopatra Selene got Cyrenaica and Libya, and the young Ptolemy Philadelphus was awarded Syria and Cilicia. Once in Armenia, Antony quickly marched back to Syria to protect his interests there by late 36 BC, losing an additional 8,000 soldiers along the way. With popular opinion in Rome turning against him and his consular term nearing its end, Antony attempted to secure a favorable military assignment to secure an army to protect himself. Antony remained on Caesar's military staff until 50 BC, helping mopping-up actions across Gaul to secure Caesar's conquest. I will write on him the name of My God and the name of the city of My God, the New Jerusalem, which comes down out of heaven from My God. Tigranes would later aid Mithradates of Pontus against Rome before being decisively defeated by Pompey in 66 BC. Mark Antony delivers a funeral speech for Julius Caesar following Caesar's assassination at the hands of Brutus and the conspirators, but he is only allowed to do so as long as he does not badmouth the conspirators for their role in Caesar's death. At that time, Octavian, only a private citizen, lacked legal authority to command the Republic's armies, making his command illegal. The legions, however, were composed of former Republican troops and Labienus convinced Orodes II to invade. The legions under their command followed suit. When Antony placed the diadem in his lap, Caesar ordered the diadem to be placed in the Temple of Jupiter Optimus Maximus. The Triumvirs defeated Caesar's killers, the Liberatores, at the Battle of Philippi in 42 BC, and divided the government of the Republic between themselves. Surrounding himself with a bodyguard of over six thousand of Caesar's veterans, Antony presented himself as Caesar's true successor, largely ignoring Octavian. Crassus' defeat forced Armenia to shift its loyalty to Parthia, with Artavasdes II's sister marrying Orodes' son and heir Pacorus. While Antony was serving Gabinius in the East, the domestic political situation had changed in Rome. [94] The Liberators, who controlled Macedonia, did not wish to engage in a decisive battle, but rather to attain a good defensive position and then use their naval superiority to block the Triumvirs' communications with their supply base in Italy. It is also speculated that Antony's legions, composed largely of Caesarian veterans, did not wish to fight the adoptive son of their former general. Caesar had entrusted the defense of Illyricum to Gaius Antonius, Antony's younger brother, and Publius Cornelius Dolabella. Caesars physical vitality perhaps partly accounts for his sexual promiscuity, which was out of the ordinary, even by contemporary Greek and Roman standards. A History of the Roman People. Octavian proclaimed himself consul, rewarded his soldiers, and then set about prosecuting Caesar's murderers. In the novel Senators worried by the amount of power possessed by Julius Caesar think of a plan to get rid of him. The Beast (The Roman Empire) was revived after civil wars which occurred after Nero's death. Sextus Pompey, son of Caesar's old rival Pompey Magnus, was given command of the Republic's fleet from his base in Sicily while Brutus and Cassius were granted the governorships of Macedonia and Syria respectively. Through his eldest daughter, he was ancestor to the long line of kings and co-rulers of the Bosporan Kingdom, the longest-living Roman client kingdom, as well as the rulers and royalty of several other Roman client states. [129] Antony then spent the winter of 41 BC in Alexandria with Cleopatra, leaving only two legions to defend the Syrian border against Parthian incursions. A member of the plebeian Antonia gens, Antony was born in Rome[failed verification] on 14 January 83 BC. By allowing her to visit him in Rome in 46 bce, he flouted public feeling and added to the list of tactless acts that, cumulatively, goaded old comrades and amnestied enemies into assassinating him. [2][3] His father and namesake was Marcus Antonius Creticus, son of the noted orator Marcus Antonius who had been murdered during the purges of Gaius Marius in the winter of 8786 BC. It was rumoured that during his first visit to the East he had had homosexual relations with King Nicomedes of Bithynia. Mark Antony, Latin Marcus Antonius, (born 83died August, 30 bce, Alexandria, Egypt), Roman general under Julius Caesar and later triumvir (43-30 bce ), who, with Cleopatra, queen of Egypt, was defeated by Octavian (the future emperor Augustus) in the last of the civil wars that destroyed the Roman Republic. Rome then released Artavasdes, who succeeded his father as king. [38] Antony, however, was stripped of all official positions and received no appointments for the year 46 BC or 45 BC. Fearing the persecutions of Lucius Cornelius Sulla only thirty years earlier, they avoided granting Pompey the dictatorship by instead naming him sole consul for the year, giving him extraordinary but limited powers. When Augustus died in AD 14, his political powers passed to his adopted son Tiberius; the Roman Empire had begun. In this position, Antony could protect Caesar from his political enemies, by vetoing any actions unfavorable to his patron. This provoked a pitched battle on 3 October 42 BC. [148] Dio. Hoping to escape his creditors, Antony fled to Greece in 58 BC, where he studied philosophy and rhetoric at Athens. Under the terms of the Treaty of Misenum, Sextus was allowed to retain control over Sicily and Sardinia, with the provinces of Corsica and Greece being added to his territory. The rumour is credible, though not proved, and was repeated throughout Caesars life. The ides simply marked the appearance of the full moon. Though an indecisive result, the victory was a tactical win for Pompey. At Cleopatra's request, Antony ordered the execution of Arsinoe, who, though marched in Caesar's triumphal parade in 46 BC,[104] had been granted sanctuary at the temple of Artemis in Ephesus. By age 31, Caesar had fought in several wars and become involved in Roman politics. His political achievement required ability, in effect amounting to genius, in several different fields, including administration and generalship besides the minor arts of wire pulling and propaganda. Caesar's rapid advance surprised Pompey, who, along with the other chief members of the Optimates, fled Italy for Greece. His officers, however, were dissatisfied with these defensive tactics and his Caesarian veterans threatened to defect, forcing Brutus to give battle at the second battle of Philippi on 23 October. [59] Originally, the conspirators had planned to eliminate not only Caesar but also many of his supporters, including Antony, but Brutus rejected the proposal, limiting the conspiracy to Caesar alone. From his base in Sicily, Sextus raided the Italian coast and blockaded the Triumvirs. The consuls for the year, Gaius Claudius Marcellus Maior and Lucius Cornelius Lentulus Crus, were firm Optimates opposed to Caesar. As the mother-in-law of Octavian and the wife of Antony, no action was taken by the senate without her support. Thus, Antony tried to secretly outflank the Liberators' position through the marshes in the south. During this time Antony married his third wife, Fulvia. Panicked, many of the conspirators fled Italy. In addition to significant financial resources, Cleopatra's backing of his Parthian campaign allowed Antony to amass the largest army Rome had ever assembled in the East. Antony also granted formal control over Cyprus, which had been under Egyptian control since 47 BC during the turmoil of Caesar's civil war, to Cleopatra in 40 BC as a gift for her loyalty to Rome.[105]. Advancing south, Sosius captured the island-city of Aradus on the coast of Phoenicia by the end of 38 BC. Though periods of peace developed cultural and commercial exchanges, war was a constant threat. It is not a barcode. [14] This appointment marks the beginning of his military career. He turned his funeral orations for his wife and for his aunt to account, for political propaganda. Caesar, a title of the Roman emperor. Caesar's most amazing characteristic is his energy, intellectual and physical. As tribune, Antony's person was sacrosanct, so it was unlawful to harm him or to refuse to recognize his veto. This compromise was a great success for Antony, who managed to simultaneously appease Caesar's veterans, reconcile the senate majority, and appear to the Liberatores as their partner and protector. [139] With peace in the West secured, Antony planned to retaliate against Parthia by invading their territory. In 42 BC, the Triumvirate, in recognition for Cleopatra's help towards Publius Cornelius Dolabella in opposition to the Liberators, granted official recognition to Caesarion's position as king of Egypt. His image was publicly adored. In November 43 BC, Octavian, Lepidus, and Antony met near Bononia. Though Pompey found the concession satisfactory, Cato and Lentulus refused to back down, with Lentulus even expelling Antony from the senate meeting by force. In 31 BC, the war started. While Antony treated the losers mildly, Octavian dealt cruelly with his prisoners and even beheaded Brutus' corpse.[95][96][97]. Because of his health, Octavian remained in camp while his lieutenants assumed a position on the left flank opposite Brutus. His physical energy was of the same order. With the help of Antony's brother, the consul of 41 BC Lucius Antonius, Fulvia encouraged the senate to oppose Octavian's land policies. When you receive the Mark, all your negative rep with the Legion is wiped. The conflict between Octavian and Fulvia caused great political and social unrest throughout Italy. Antony again remained in Rome while Caesar, in 45 BC, sailed to Spain to defeat the final opposition to his rule. Through his daughter by Cleopatra, Antony was ancestor to the royal family of Mauretania, another Roman client kingdom, while through his sole surviving son Iullus, he was ancestor to several famous Roman statesmen. Antony's rear was protected by Rome's client kingdoms in Anatolia, Syria, and Judea, while the client kingdoms of Cappadocia, Pontus, and Commagene would provide supplies along the march. His generosity to defeated opponents, magnanimous though it was, did not win their affection. By January 42 BC the proscription had ended; it had lasted two months, and though less bloody than Sulla's, it traumatized Roman society. To solidify the alliance between Antony and Lepidus, Antony's daughter Antonia Prima was engaged to Lepidus' son, also named Lepidus. [153] Cicero Minor also made a decree that no member of the Antonii would ever bear the name Marcus again. The East was in need of reorganization after the rule of the Liberators in the previous years. Their ongoing hostility erupted into civil war in 31 BC, as the Roman Senate, at Octavian's direction, declared war on Cleopatra and proclaimed Antony a traitor. During his absence, several of his supporters held key positions in Rome to protect his interests there. Oaths were taken on the divine spirit of the emperor. A Parthian army, led by Orodes II's eldest son Pacorus, invaded Syria in early 40 BC. 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